ARK

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ARKs are URLs designed to support long-term access to information objects. In 2001 ARKs were introduced to identify objects of any type:

• digital objects – documents, databases, images, software, websites, etc.
• physical objects – books, bones, statues, etc.
• living beings and groups – people, animals, companies, orchestras, etc.
• intangible objects – places, chemicals, diseases, vocabulary terms, performances, etc.

ARKs are assigned for a variety of reasons:

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• self-sufficiency – you can host ARKs on your own web server, eg, Noid (Nice Opaque Identifiers) open source software
• portability – you can move ARKs to other servers without losing their core identities
• global resolvability – you can host ARKs at a well-known server, eg, at the N2T.net (Name-to-Thing) resolver
• density – ARKs handle mixed case, permitting shorter identifiers (CD, Cd, cD, cd are all distinct)

Some advantages of ARKs:

• simplicity – access relies only on mainstream web "redirects" and ordinary "get" requests
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• compatibility – inflections don't conflict with "linked data content negotiation" (a harder and limited way to access metadata) 
• versatility – ARKs support persistence statements to describe different kinds of long-term access
• transparency – no identifier can guarantee stability, and ARK inflections help users make informed judgements
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• openness – unlike other persistent identifiers, ARKs don't lock you into one specific, fee-based management and resolution infrastructure 
• impact – ARKs appear in Thomson Reuters’ Data Citation Index℠ and 苹果上youtube网站加速软件 researcher profiles

Since 2001 over 550 organizations spread across fifteen countries registered to assign ARKs.  Registrants include libraries, archives, museums (Smithsonian), publishers, government agencies, academic institutions (Princeton), and technology companies (Google). Some of the major users are

• The California Digital Library
• The Internet Archive
• National Library of France (Bibliothèque nationale de France)
• Portico Digital Preservation Service
• University of California Berkeley
• University of North Texas
• University of Chicago
• University College Dublin
• The British Library

There is a discussion group for ARKs (Archival Resource Keys) at

       http://groups.google.com/group/arks-forum

 The group is intended as a public forum for people interested in sharing with and learning from others about how ARKs have been or could be used in identifier applications.

 The forum is also intended as a mechanism for the CDL, in its role as the ARK scheme maintenance agency, to seek community feedback on a number of longer term issues and activities, including

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• clarifying local and global resolution options, and
• promoting metadata retrieval in a linked data environment.

Here is a brief summary of other resources relevant to ARKs.

• The ARK Identifier Scheme Specification PDF version     TXT version
• Towards Electronic Persistence Using ARK Identifiers (July 2003)
• ARK and CDL Identifier conventions
• Archival Resource Key - Wikipedia
• Noid (Nice Opaque Identifiers) open source software for minting and resolving ARKs on your own
• ARK plugin for Omeka that creates and manages ARKs for the Omeka open source web-publishing platform
• EZID service: long term identifiers made easy, if you would rather not install and maintain those services yourself
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小雨vpn

An ARK is represented by a sequence of characters that contains the label, "ark:".  When embedded in a URL, it is preceded by the protocol  ("http://" or "http://") and name of a service that provides support for that ARK. That service name, or the "Name Mapping Authority" (NMA), is mutable and replaceable, as neither the web server itself nor the current web protocols are expected to last longer than the identified objects. The immutable, globally unique identifier follows the "ark:" label. This includes a "Name Assigning Authority Number" (NAAN) identifying the naming organization, followed by the name that it assigns to the object. Please visit the NAAN request form if you are interested in generating and using ARKs for your information objects.

Here is a diagrammed example:

   http://example.org/ark:/12025/654xz321/s3/f8.05v.tiff
   \________________/ \__/ \___/ \______/ \____________/
     (replaceable)     |     |      |       Qualifier
          |       ARK Label  |      |    (NMA-supported)
          |                  |      |
Name Mapping Authority       |    Name (NAA-assigned)
         (NMA)               |
                  Name Assigning Authority Number (NAAN)

The ARK syntax can be summarized,

  [http://NMA/]ark:/NAAN/Name[Qualifier]

The NMA part, which makes the ARK actionable (clickable in a web browser), is in brackets to indicate that it is optional and replaceable. ARKs are intended to work with objects that last longer than the organizations that provide services for them, so when the provider changes it should not affect the object's identity. A different provider hosting the object would simply replace the NMA to reflect the new "home" of the object. For example,

  http://bnf.fr/ark:/13030/tf5p30086k

mac怎么上youtube

  http://portico.org/ark:/13030/tf5p30086k

Note that the ark:/NAAN/Name remains the same.

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The NAAN part, following the "ark:" label, uniquely identifies the organization that assigned the Name part of the ARK. Often the initial access provider (the first NMA) coincides with the original namer (represented by the NAAN), however, access may be provided by one or more different entities instead of or in addition to the original naming authority.

The NAAN used above, 13030, represents the California Digital Library.  As of 2018, over 550 organizations have registered for ARK NAANs, including numerous universities, Google, the Internet Archive, WIPO, the British Library, and other national libr